Category: Mathematics

A Review of Fractions: Based on Khan Academy Lessons

This is a basic review of working with fractions using lessons and practice sets from the Khan Academy.

1. Adding Fractions with a Common Denominator

The first topic — adding fractions –ought to be really easy for algebra students, but it allows them to become familiar with the Khan Academy website and doing the practice sets.

Now do the Practice Set.

OPTIONAL: Subtracting fractions with a common denominator works the same way. Students may do this practice set if they find it useful.

2. Adding Fractions with a Different Denominator

This is usually a helpful review.

The practice set.

3. Multiplying and Dividing Fractions

A good review that helps build up to working with radical numbers.

Multiplying fractions:

Do the multiplying fractions practice set.

Dividing Fractions:

Dividing fractions practice set.

4. Converting Fractions to Decimals

The last review is on how to convert fractions to decimals.

Now try the practice set for ordering numbers.

5. Next: Working with Square Roots

Quick Reference: Adding Fractions with Different Denominators

To add fractions with different denominators you just need to multiply each fraction to get the same denominator:

Take:
\frac{3}{5} + \frac{5}{9}

The easiest common denominator will be the product of both denominators ( 5 × 9 = 45 ). So multiply each fraction.

\frac{3}{5}\times\frac{9}{9} + \frac{5}{9} \times\frac{5}{5}

Notice that you’re really multiplying each fraction by 1 (since 9/9 = 1 and 5/5 = 1) and anything multiplied by one remains the same number. So you’re not changing the value of the fraction, just how it looks.

Now doing the multiplication gives:
\frac{3}{5}\times\frac{9}{9} + \frac{5}{9} \times\frac{5}{5} = \frac{27}{45} + \frac{25}{45}

Which we can add because we now have a common denominator:
\frac{27}{45} + \frac{25}{45} = \frac{52}{45}

And simplify to give a mixed number:
\frac{52}{45} = 1\frac{7}{45}

Starting Algebra too Early?

There’s been a push for students to take algebra earlier and earlier, yet there are some serious pedagogic arguments that early algebra might not be a great idea for many, if not most, students. A fascinating paper by Clotfelter et al., (2012) (pdf) showed pretty clearly that for a large number of students, taking algebra earlier actually resulted in worse performance in not just algebra, but the follow-up classes as well (geometry and pre-calculus for example), compared to students who waited to take the subject. Indeed the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District (the district studied in the article) actually reversed their policy of having students take algebra in 8th grade.

Students affected by the acceleration initiative scored significantly lower on end-of-course tests in Algebra I, and were either no more likely or significantly less likely to pass standard follow-up courses, Geometry and Algebra II

— Clotfelter et al., (2012): The Aftermath of Accelerating Algebra: Evidence from a District Policy Initiative (pdf) via NY Fed.

The argument for early algebra comes from the correlation between early algebra and better performance on standardized tests, and more advanced math classes in high school. But the authors here indicate that forcing students to take algebra early does not result in the same outcomes.

The argument against early algebra is based on the research that shows formal thinking develops during adolescence, and the belief that to do well in algebra requires the abstract thinking skills that are seated in the maturing prefrontal cortex. Until students are ready for the abstract thinking required (which happens at different times for each student), they will struggle with algebra.

Algebra provides an essential foundation for further mathematics, which is why it is my strong preference that students progress by demonstrating mastery of the topics at their own pace rather than struggling through the class.